ADVANCED GEODETIC TECHNIQUES FOR URBAN DIGITAL TWIN CREATION

Abstract

The concept of a digital twin of a city requires accurate, high-resolution, and up-to-date geospatial data describing the urban environment. This paper focuses on the selection, description, and comparison of modern geodetic methods used for data acquisition to support the development of urban digital twins. The study reviews key technologies, including terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), mobile laser scanning (MLS) and SLAM-based mapping systems. Each method is evaluated in terms of data quality, spatial resolution, acquisition efficiency, operational limitations, and suitability for different urban scenarios. Particular attention is given to the integration of heterogeneous datasets into unified 3D city models and point cloud environments. The paper discusses workflows for combining multi-source data, addressing challenges such as data fusion, georeferencing consistency, and temporal updating. The advantages of each method are analyzed with respect to specific urban features, including buildings, infrastructure, and public spaces. The results highlight that no single method is sufficient for comprehensive digital twin creation. Instead, a hybrid approach combining multiple geodetic techniques provides the most robust solution. The proposed framework supports efficient data acquisition and contributes to the development of accurate and scalable urban digital twins for planning, management, and smart city applications.