GIS Odyssey Journal

TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY ANDECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF WOOD PRODUCTION IN IKIRE AREA, IREWOLE LOCAL GOVERNMENT OF OSUN STATE

Thu, 16 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the technical efficiency and profitability of wood marketers in Ikire Local Government Area, utilizing data collected from 90 respondents selected via a multistage sampling method. The goal was to look at the social and economic traits of the marketers, check their costs and profits, figure out how efficient they are in using technology, and find out the main problems they face in their work. To do this, information gathered through detailed questionnaires and used descriptive statistics, budget analysis, and Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to analyze the data. The results indicated that most respondents were in their active working years and possessed at least a secondary education, suggesting a relatively experienced workforce. The budgetary analysis demonstrated that wood marketing is a profitable business, as total revenue surpassed total costs during the study period. The rate of return on investment ranged from 2.4 to 3.1, confirming that the business generates substantial income. The stochastic frontier results indicated a mean technical efficiency of 0.82, suggesting that marketers operate at 82% of their potential output, with an improvement margin of about 18%. Efficiency levels varied between 0.60 and 0.95, indicating differences among marketers. Input factors like labour, capital, and processing all had a strong positive impact on the output. Labour contributed 0.310, capital contributed 0.401, and processing contributed 0.291. In contrast, getting older made things less efficient, but having more experience and education helped make things more efficient. The main problems found were not enough electricity and high costs for moving things (98.9%), not enough types of wood (86.7%), and not being able to get loans easily (85.6%). The study says that selling wood is still profitable, but it's not as efficient as it could be. It suggests enhancing the power supply, improving credit accessibility, and implementing training programs to boost efficiency

CYBERNER SEMANTIC METAMODEL AS AN INTERMEDIATE LAYER FOR GEOSPATIAL DATA TRANSFORMATION IN CYBERSECURITY SYSTEMS

Jarosław Koszela, Arkadiusz Orzeł — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Modern cybersecurity systems process data from heterogeneous sources, a significant part of which carries geospatial information such as IP address geolocation, geographic coordinates, hostnames, data center identifiers, cloud regions and location data of users and assets. Because widely used schemas – the Elastic Common Schema (ECS), Structured Threat Information Expression (STIX) and the Open Cybersecurity
Schema Framework (OCSF) – represent this information in different ways, transformations between them often lead to the loss of semantic context. The article presents a conceptual approach in which the CyberNER semantic metamodel acts as an intermediate layer supporting the transformation of geospatial data between heterogeneous cybersecurity schemas. CyberNER is not another target schema, but an M2-level metamodel based on entities, semantic roles, relationships, attributes and contexts, in which the geospatial layer is a specialization of the semantic core rather than an autonomous domain model. The proposed approach is illustrated with a proof-of-concept transformation example and is expected to increase the completeness and fidelity of the semantic transformation of geospatial data and to reduce information loss in relation to direct transformations based solely on field mapping. The study is conceptual and methodological in character; its main limitation is the lack of large-scale quantitative validation, which is indicated as the direction of further research.

ASSESSMENT OF THE SUITABILITY OF LAND FOR INVESTMENTS IN STANDALONE HIGH-VOLTAGE BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (BESS)

Jakub Mroczko, Natalia Sajnóg — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The purpose of this article is to identify and attempt to prioritize the attributes of undeveloped land parcels in the context of their development potential as standalone high-voltage battery energy storage systems (BESS), distinguishing between those that are determining and those that are differentiating. It is assumed that “development potential” refers to the possibility and feasibility of implementing a BESS project on a given plot of land, understood, among other things, through the lens of planning, legal, technical, surveying and agricultural, environmental, and social factors, as well as the risks, time, and costs necessary to bring the plot to a state enabling the project’s implementation. The following research methods were used in this study: (i) examination and evaluation of legal provisions, scientific and industry literature, including a critical review of the literature, (ii) the method of analysis and logical construction, and (iii) an expert scoring method.

ASSESSING TEMPORAL DYNAMICS, GEOMETRY, AND COMPOSITION OF KATWA MUNICIPALITY LANDFILL SITE USING HIGH-RESOLUTION MULTISPECTRAL DATA AND MACHINE LEARNING-BASED SPECTRAL ANALYSIS

Suman Chatterjee, Anwesha Chattopadhyay — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study attempts to assess and characterize landfill site under Katwa Municipality in Purba Burdwan district, West Bengal, India. The landfill site has grown rapidly in recent years, in an unmanageable manner. The majority of the municipal solid waste is dumped here. Areal and geometric changes over time (from 2017 to 2025) have been assessed and characterized by digitizing the site for the present day and at two other points in the past (2017 and 2021) using Google Earth and its History tool. Existing geometric properties have also been characterized using different indices, including the Shape Index (SI), Compactness (C), Fractal Dimension, and Elongation Ratio (ER). The composition of the waste has been characterized using remotely sensed data by comparing two advanced techniques: Linear Spectral Unmixing and Random Forest-refined Spectral Unmixing. Field visits were conducted, and the materials of composition were identified as follows 1. Plastic, 2. Raw and decomposed organic material, humus, and barren soil and 3. Thin and sparse vegetation cover. The landfill site has grown in size, possibly because more waste is being made. The evaluation of site geometry reveals a deterioration in compactness and regularity, indicating potential deficiencies in planning and waste management oversight. It is clear from what we see that there is too much plastic, either in the form of fully plastic parts or materials that are covered in plastic. The combination of RF and LSU worked better for finding plastic and plants. But LSU by itself might work better for the soil. The results provide important decision-making aid to municipal authorities in improving their landfill practices and waste management activities through remediating waste.

COMMODITY FLOW ANALYSIS OF YAM (DIOSCOREA SPP) IN BENUE NORTH REGION, NIGERIA

Fater Aov Kyegh, Toju Francis Balogun, Thaddeus Aov Kyegh, Joy Chinemerem Simon — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the movement of yam from the Zaki Biam International Yam Market to deficit regions of Nigeria to unravel yam flow pattern/magnitude for economic census while also revealing major distribution destinations. Both primary and secondary data were utilized for the study. Primary data were collected using a questionnaire survey, while secondary data were retrieved from published articles and reports. Data were analyzed using inferential, descriptive statistics, and GIS flow mapping procedures. The study revealed that more yam (4,752,000 tubers) flows from the Zaki Biam yam market to the Southern part of Nigeria than to the Northern part of the country (1,824,000 tubers) as observed in November 2023. It also observed that the volume of the yam distributed is not a function of distance to the source region alone. Other factors, such as market demand, may also play a role, though this study did not directly measure them. The research concluded that flow mapping is powerful and promotes economic understanding, efficiency, and managerial prowess, particularly in commodity distribution, economic statistics, and trend observation, while ensuring food security. The study recommended innovative collaborative efforts between the relevant stakeholders to ensure commodity flow data acquisition and survey for economic census, effective decision-making, and growth.

USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN CYBER THREAT DETECTION AND GEOSPATIAL DATA INTEGRITY PROTECTION IN GIS ENVIRONMENTS

Jerzy Stanik, Kazimierz Worwa — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cloud services, Internet of Things technologies and artificial intelligence has increased the operational importance of geospatial data. At the same time, enterprises using GIS face cyber threats that may disrupt not only IT infrastructure, but also the integrity of spatial data used in decision-making. This article evaluates the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in cyber threat detection and geospatial data integrity protection. The study is based on a single case study of a medium-sized enterprise using GIS, GPS, IoT and SIEM infrastructure. A traditional rule-based system was compared with an AI-supported architecture using quantitative indicators: classification accuracy, precision, Recall, F1-score, false positive rate, mean detection time, integrity violation detection rate and the proposed GIS Integrity Index. The empirical description was supplemented with aggregated operational values adopted as expert-based validation assumptions within the case-study protocol. These values were used to increase methodological transparency, clarify the comparative procedure, and ensure consistent interpretation of the results obtained for the traditional and AI-supported systems. The results indicate improved threat detection and data integrity monitoring following the implementation of AI mechanisms. In the validation set with controlled label consistency, classification accuracy increased from 83.4% to 95.8%, Recall from 80.1% to 95.5%, IDR from 68% to 95%, and GII from 0.91 to 0.98. The findings should be interpreted in the context of a single case study and require further validation in other organizational environments.

MULTI DECADAL ASSESSMENT OF LULC DYNAMICS OF A RAMSAR WETLAND IN HARYANA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS TECHNIQUES (2001–2024)

Himanshu Grover, Rinku ., Vipin Solanki, Poonam Kumari — Fri, 07 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Wetlands are one of the most productive ecosystems of the world, serving various benefits to local flora and fauna as well as anthropogenic activities such as tourism, fisheries and so on. They offer various natural, social, and economic activities. Wetlands around the world are suffering degradation because of various human activities around them. One such wetland in this context is Bhindawas wetland in Haryana state of India. A multi decadal comprehensive analysis of its Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) was done with the help of remote sensing and GIS techniques. Google earth engine facilitated the analysis with the help of its in-house availability of various satellite datasets. For this purpose, Landsat 5 TM for the year 2001 and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS for the years of 2014 and 2024 were utilized. QGIS 3.34 helped in map making. Random Forest Classifier, was used for preparing LULC maps. LULC analysis highlights the fact that builtup area has increased at an alarming rate, but vegetation and aquatic vegetation have taken a significant toll. Overall accuracy of the LULC classification for 2001, 2014, and 2024 is 0.94, 0.92 and 0.90 and kappa coefficient is 0.92, 0.88 and 0.87 respectively. NDVI and NDWI have also undergone significant transformation with decline in vegetation and drier than ever conditions in and around the wetland. The research provides a solid base to be carried forward in the future studies of the wetlands and will help in eco-friendly policies.

A CASE STUDY ON AI-SUPPORTED DETECTION OF SPATIAL DATA INTEGRITY ATTACKS IN CLOUD-BASED GIS ENVIRONMENTS

Maciej Kiedrowicz, Stefan Rozmus — Thu, 13 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The development of cloud-based GIS environments has significantly increased the availability, scalability and operational importance of spatial data. At the same time, it has led to the emergence of new challenges in the field of cybersecurity, in particular those related to the protection of the integrity of geospatial resources. Of particular importance are attacks involving unauthorized modification of object geometry, change of descriptive attributes, violation of topological relationships, falsification of location data from GPS systems and IoT devices, as well as unauthorized access to spatial data. The aim of the article is to assess, in an application-oriented case study, the possibility of using artificial intelligence methods to detect attacks violating the integrity of spatial data in cloud GIS environments. The study compares a traditional detection mechanism based on rules and signatures with an AI-supported variant at the system level, rather than providing a full benchmark of individual machine learning algorithms. Three operational indicators were used to assess effectiveness: Attack Detection Effectiveness (ADE), Spatial Data Integrity Impact Index (SDIII) and Attack Response Time (ART). The study analyzed 160 confirmed cases of spatial data integrity violations, including attribute manipulation, coordinate modification, unauthorized data export, topological violations, GPS spoofing, and IoT data manipulation. The results indicate that the AI-assisted system achieved a higher attack detection efficiency than the traditional system. The results obtained indicate that, in the analyzed case study, the use of artificial intelligence methods can significantly increase the effectiveness of protecting the integrity of geospatial data in Cloud GIS environments.

ADVANCED GEODETIC TECHNIQUES FOR URBAN DIGITAL TWIN CREATION

Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of a digital twin of a city requires accurate, high-resolution, and up-to-date geospatial data describing the urban environment. This paper focuses on the selection, description, and comparison of modern geodetic methods used for data acquisition to support the development of urban digital twins. The study reviews key technologies, including terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), mobile laser scanning (MLS) and SLAM-based mapping systems. Each method is evaluated in terms of data quality, spatial resolution, acquisition efficiency, operational limitations, and suitability for different urban scenarios. Particular attention is given to the integration of heterogeneous datasets into unified 3D city models and point cloud environments. The paper discusses workflows for combining multi-source data, addressing challenges such as data fusion, georeferencing consistency, and temporal updating. The advantages of each method are analyzed with respect to specific urban features, including buildings, infrastructure, and public spaces. The results highlight that no single method is sufficient for comprehensive digital twin creation. Instead, a hybrid approach combining multiple geodetic techniques provides the most robust solution. The proposed framework supports efficient data acquisition and contributes to the development of accurate and scalable urban digital twins for planning, management, and smart city applications.

ETHICAL AND LEGAL BOUNDARIES OF DIGITAL INNOVATION IN REHABILITATION: A PERSONALIST FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING TECHNOLOGIES, DATA AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Patryk Kołodyński, Gabriela Kołodyńska, Jakub Staroń, Waldemar Andrzejewski — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Digital technologies are reshaping rehabilitation practice and can increase training intensity and facilitate outcome assessment. Their use also raises questions about legal classification, professional responsibility, data security, algorithmic transparency and clinical oversight. This paper defines the ethical and legal boundaries of digital innovation in rehabilitation and proposes a personalist framework to support implementation decisions. The method combined an interdisciplinary narrative review, doctrinal legal analysis and qualitative analysis of selected writings of John Paul II and professional ethics documents. The synthesis identified three levels of assessment: regulatory, clinical-bioethical and personalist. Neither novelty nor CE marking alone determines whether a use constitutes ordinary care, a non-standard clinical application, a medical experiment or a clinical investigation of a medical device. A nine-domain framework was developed to support implementation decisions. From a personalist perspective, technology is justified when it serves the integral good of the patient, does not reduce the person to a data profile and does not replace the therapeutic relationship.

OBTAINING AND EVALUATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE USING CLOUD-BASED APPLICATIONS: THE CASE OF ANKARA PROVINCE

Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Rapid urban expansion, characterized by high land surface temperatures (LST) in urban areas, has led to environmental and health concerns along with increased energy consumption. Recent advances in remote sensing have facilitated the investigation of spatiotemporal LST patterns and their relationships with factors such as vegetation, built-up land, and soil moisture. However, a limited number of studies investigate whether these relationships differ between urban and rural areas. Leveraging the power of cloud computing resources such as Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Microsoft Azure, researchers can now examine these issues on a larger scale and over a longer period. Focusing on Ankara, the capital city known for its recent urban growth, we specifically calculated the annual average and seasonal average LST at the grid level, performed urban-rural slope analysis, examined the relationship between LST and vegetation and built-up land in urban and rural areas separately, and analyzed how LST relates to land cover types in Ankara. Using GEE for geographic spatial analysis, the study sheds light on critical issues such as the relationship between LST and various land cover types. By providing valuable insights into seasonal LST variations in various areas, the study investigates how LST relates to land characteristics in urban and rural areas and aims to assist in sustainable urban planning.

THE GEOGRAPHY OF IMPUNITY – THE CHALLENGES OF CROSS-BORDER CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS IN INVESTMENT FRAUD CASES

Agnieszka Gryszczyńska — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

For those who commit crimes in cyberspace, cross-border activity is not problematic; rather, it serves as an effective method for maintaining anonymity and evading criminal liability. For law enforcement agencies, the cross-border nature of cybercrime poses a significant regulatory, operational and technical challenge. The gathering of electronic evidence, the execution of investigative inquiries and the undertaking of procedural actions, including but not limited to interrogations, searches, and arrests, necessitate collaboration with law enforcement agencies, judicial authorities and service providers across multiple jurisdictions. This collaboration is facilitated by the application of a range of international cooperation instruments. The analysis of the cross-border challenges confronting law enforcement agencies was predicated on the modus operandi of the perpetrators behind fraudulent investment platforms, the algorithm necessary for law enforcement agencies to initiate action, and an examination of the fundamental regulations governing cooperation in criminal proceedings involving activities in cyberspace. The activities of groups setting up fraudulent investment platforms and encouraging people to invest are on the rise, both in Poland and globally. This also highlights regulatory loopholes and reveals the geography of impunity – that is, areas where criminal networks are based, and where instruments of international cooperation in criminal matters have limited effectiveness.

INTEGRATED ASSESSMENT OF URBAN GROWTH, LAND USE/ LAND COVER DYNAMICS, AND URBAN HEAT ISLAND VARIATIONS USING RANDOM FOREST CLASSIFIER

Sahil S. Mahamune, Nitin L. Gavankar — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Urbanization significantly leads to changes in Land Use Land Cover (LULC) patterns, LST and Urban Heat Island intensity. This study analyzes the spatio temporal dynamics of LULC, LST and urban growth in Pune-Pimpri-Hinjewadi area over 25 year period (2000 to 2025) using multi temporal Landsat imagery. LULC classification is performed using Random Forest algorithm over four LULC classes (Water, Built-up, Barren, Vegetation). The classification accuracy achieved is in between 84% to 87% with strong Kappa coefficients between 0.78 and 0.83. The built-up increased from 158.88 km² in 2000 to 201.94 km² in 2025. In addition, Land Surface Temperature (LST) analysis indicates increasing temperature with mean temperatures ranging from 34.36°C (2000) to 45.21°C (2020), while minimum and maximum LST values varied between 18.90–28.53°C and 50.94–74.51°C, respectively. The linear regression relationship between the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and LST showed strong positive correlation ranging from (R² = 0.446–0.605). This confirms the impact of urbanization on thermal characteristics. Directional analysis reveals uneven urban growth the northwest (NW) and west (W) zones experiencing the highest growth, while the southeast (SE) zone remained nearly saturated.

ANALYSIS OF TLS DATA FOR DETERMINING THE GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF OBJECTS IN AN INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT

Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The article addresses the use of terrestrial laser scanning for the documentation and geometric analysis of two homogenizing silos located within a cement plant in eastern Slovakia. It presents the design and implementation of field data acquisition, scan registration workflow, georeferencing using control points, point cloud processing, creation of a polygonal 3D model, and subsequent analysis of height, diameter, verticality, and shell deviations from an ideal cylindrical model. A Leica RTC360 scanner was used for data acquisition, while processing was carried out in Leica Cyclone REGISTER 360, Trimble RealWorks, CloudCompare and Leica Cyclone 3D software. The results demonstrated the suitability of the proposed approach and presentation format, which may be applied to similar research and technical tasks as well as practice.

LEGAL AND SPATIAL CONDITIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL LAND PROTECTION AMID THE EXPANSION OF SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY FROM CENTRAL POLAND

Anna Bielska, Mikołaj Sahajdak — Wed, 23 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

As a result of decades-long suburbanization, rural areas surrounding regional cities have experienced increasing pressure from residential development. The phenomenon of rapid suburbanization, commonly referred to as urban sprawl, is characterized by dispersed, often poorly coordinated development in peri-urban areas, which may contribute to the loss of agricultural land and the fragmentation of rural space. The study focuses on the development of single-family residential buildings on agricultural land and the resulting spatial relationship between residential development and agricultural land with high production potential. The analysis considers environmental, social, economic, and spatial planning conditions, as well as the legal framework, with particular attention to the Act of 7 July 2023 amending the Act on Spatial Planning and Development and certain other acts. The study also includes a review of domestic and international literature and planning instruments used in selected European countries to protect agricultural land and limit the uncontrolled expansion of residential development. The empirical part of the study examines the draft General Plan of the municipality of Cegłów, with particular emphasis on the spatial relationships among areas designated for potential residential development, the existing settlement structure, and agricultural land with high production potential. The results identify potential spatial conflicts between residential development and the protection of agricultural land and provide a basis for assessing the proposed planning solutions.