GIS Odyssey Journal

ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE GIS SOFTWARE TESTING

Kazimierz Worwa — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The testing stage, creating great opportunities to verify and shape software reliability, significantly increases the cost of its production. The effectiveness of the work related to testing, expressed by the interdependence of the level of program product reliability and the cost of testing it, strongly depends on the adopted testing strategy, specifying the organization and scope of the work performed.
The paper attempts to present a general description of the software testing process complex software systems such as GIS systems, with particular emphasis on the organizational and technological problems associated with the implementation of this process. The paper contains a description of the organization of the GIS software testing process and a description of the technological aspects of its implementation.

DOES THE FEATURE OF LOCATION ON THE FLOOR AFFECT THE MARKET VALUE OF RESIDENTIAL REAL ESTATES?

Natalia Sajnóg, Paulina Gira — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The price and market value of real estate are influenced by a number of attributes. Some of them, such as location, neighborhood or area, have a universal dimension, while others result from the specificity of the analyzed real estate segment. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of the feature of location on the floor on the value of residential real estate. The analysis covered the actual market decisions of consumers (so-called revealed preferences) and declared preferences (so-called expressed preferences). In the first case, the study covered transaction prices recorded in 2022 in the Śródmieście and Wola districts of the capital city of Warsaw. In the second case, the study was based on a survey conducted in two research groups. The first consisted of potential buyers (people not professionally associated with the real estate market) and the second were property appraisers. The analyses took into account the division of buildings by height and construction technology. The obtained results were subjected to comparative analysis and selective cross-analysis.

DATA WAREHOUSES FOR HGIS – IDENTIFYING USER REQUIREMENTS AND CREATING DATABASES

Stefan Rozmus, Maciej Kiedrowicz — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Historical geographic information systems (HGIS) are the key focus of a relatively new branch of science that deals with analyzing spatial data in a historical context. One of the approaches that may be taken when performing such studies relies on data warehouses. While the rules for building data warehouses for the purpose of conducting business analyses are well known and thoroughly described, this issue has not yet been widely reflected in the subject literature in connection with HGIS. This paper attempts to take into consideration HGIS-related requirements in the first two phases of the process of building a data warehouse. In the first phase, during which user requirements are identified, the use of a well-recognized point model has been proposed, with its geographic portion expanded to offer the ability to distinguish many-to-many relationships between various levels of the dimension hierarchy. The proposed solution allows to intuitively model a multidimensional space on a plane, without requiring the user to be familiar with the technical details involved.

NEW DESIGN STANDARDS FOR TERRITORIAL PLANNING OF ARABLE LAND

Milena Moteva, Georgi Kostadinov, Vladimir Caireac — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The objective of the paper is to develop design standards for agricultural territory development by taking into account the characteristics of the modern agricultural machinery and the environmental requirements for maintaining healthy soil. The dimensional elements of a field plot under two agricultural machinery classes at two relevant agricultural practices were studied: 1) medium-class agricultural machinery and conventional tillage; 2) high-class agricultural machinery and zero tillage. Five design solutions for a field territory arrangement were developed. The draft projects were based on data from field experiments, in which winter wheat and corn were grown, on Chernozems. Data of three types of agricultural machines was gathered and processed: a seeder, a sprayer and a fertilizer spreader. The experimental data were processed in a single-factor and a multifactor regression analyses. The relationship between the field area, the length-width ratio, the machine working stroke and machine working hours was studied. It was established that the high-class agricultural machinery, combined with zero tillage technology, determines more rational field structure and contributes to more sustainable use of soil. New possible dimensions for a crop rotation field were established: up to 180 ha of a field area; more than 1300 m of working stroke; and 12:1 length-width ratio. An update of agricultural territory design standards was suggested.

USE OF THE CAPABILITIES OF GIS SYSTEMS IN THE AREA OF CYBERSECURITY

Marzenna Miłek — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

We are currently dealing with a very dynamic development of digital
technologies and, consequently, we are also dealing with an increasing number of cyber
threats. This state of affairs makes ensuring the security of the information processed in
an organisation and the security of the IT systems in operation a key element of the
security strategy of any IT solution in which data is processed. One class of such systems,
processing collections of key information, are Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
Information security and proper protection of data, especially strategic data, is becoming
an increasing challenge. This paper outlines how geo-location tools can be used to support
cyber-security and cyber-resilience building activities. It discusses how GIS systems can
be used to develop a roadmap of operations for defence and intelligence systems and help
analyse, share information and create situational awareness. A literature review and case
studies of attacks on GIS systems and data leaks identify the main challenges and
requirements related to the possibilities of using GIS-class systems in the area of cyber
security. The results of the research present directions for building cyber resilience and
cyber responsibility for the data held by the organisation. The article concludes with
practical conclusions and suggestions for future research directions in the area of using
GIS class systems in the field of cyber awareness and cyber security. Although geospatial
analysis has been extensively applied in physical security and logistics, its application in
digital threat environments is a relatively unexplored area of research.

PROPOSAL OF A LAND USE AND AGRICULTURAL PLANS METHODOLOGY: A CASE STUDY OF POLAND

Anna Bielska, Mikołaj Sahajdak — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Land use and agricultural plans mainly realize needs related to shaping agrarian production space in Poland. These are essential tools to ensure that rural areas are correctly functional and can continue to develop. The research aimed to create a methodology to accelerate and facilitate the diagnosis of areas requiring transformation of use and ownership structure within the framework of land management plans or land consolidation. It was assumed that the proposed methodology would allow the presentation of information about the study area in a clear and easy-to-interpret manner. The paper presents the developed analysis methodology and the results of its testing in the Cegłów municipality. The developed method comprehensively identifies problem areas in need of transformation of spatial structure and transformation of development. It focuses primarily on the most relevant issues concerning the structure of land parcels, also considering ancillary elements from the field of supplying municipalities with adequate infrastructure or services. For this reason, it is also possible to study the municipality in terms of non-agricultural forms of development. It is made to minimize the number of steps for the user, focusing only on the most relevant aspects of land use and agricultural plans. The methodology can be further developed, and further work is required to improve and develop it. In particular, it needs to enhance the visualization of problem areas, especially for infrastructure issues and services.

METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING CYBER THREATS IN GIS SYSTEMS. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

Piotr Górny — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a vital role in managing spatial data and supporting decision-making processes across a range of sectors. They are becoming an essential tool in many industries, including crisis management, urban planning, transport and environmental protection. However, the large volume and complexity of the data they handle render GIS systems increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats. Therefore, it is crucial that these systems are safeguarded using contemporary threat detection methods. This article presents various threat detection approaches for GIS systems, including network traffic analysis, intrusion detection systems (IDS), artificial intelligence, and system vulnerability analysis. The strengths, weaknesses, effectiveness and practical applicability of these methods are highlighted. The analysis indicates that a multi-layered approach combining various threat identification techniques is necessary to ensure comprehensive protection of GIS systems.

IMPACT OF ESG FACTORS ON PROPERTY VALUE

Katarzyna Sobolewska-Mikulska, Przemysław Socik — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Today's real estate market should take into account the most important environmental, social and corporate (governance) factors and values. In recent times, there have been many problems with the implementation of ESG (environmental, social, governance) in all life cycles of real estate, from the process of planning, design, construction, operation to the demolition of real estate from any sector In this article, ESG factors will refer to the industrial real estate sector. The article will provide an overview of ESG and sustainability issues and identify the current impact of environmental, social and governance factors on real estate values. In addition, it will present initiatives related to the transformation of the real estate market into a so-called “green market,” which carries high initial costs associated with adapting technologies used in real estate to ESG strategies. The costs incurred, in effect, translate positively into the exposure of “green real estate” in the market with regard to potential tenants or property owners.

Verification of considerations will be presented on the basis of juxtaposition of two industrial properties with varying degrees of implementation of ESG strategies in the life cycle of the property.

CLOUD DATA SECURITY: PRACTICES AND STANDARDS FOR GIS

Jerzy Stanik, Maciej Kiedrowicz — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In the era of growing popularity of cloud computing, ensuring data security in GIS (Geographic Information Systems) systems is becoming a key challenge. The purpose of this article is to analyze cloud data security practices and standards that can be used in GIS systems. The study used hazard and risk analysis methods, a literature review, interviews with experts and a case study. The results indicate that the most common threats to GIS data in the cloud include unauthorized access, ransomware attacks, and human error. Effective security practices include the use of advanced monitoring tools, data encryption, and the implementation of international standards such as ISO 27001, ISO 27017, and ISO 27018. The article concludes with recommendations for improving data security in the cloud and proposals for further research in this area.

CONSTRUCTION ATTRACTIVENESS OF POLAND'S RURAL AREAS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Monika Wesołowska, Marta Gwiaździńska-Goraj — Mon, 17 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The subject of this article is housing construction carried out in rural areas of Poland between 2016 and 2023 by individual investors. Residential construction is an exciting aspect of geographical analyses as it is one of the main factors in the transformation of settlement systems and modification of rural settlements.

The materials presented are intended to show their development and spatial differentiation in connection with a new factor that appeared in the analysed period - the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Based on statistical data, the authors will develop a typology of the construction attractiveness of rural areas in Poland. Based on this, they will diagnose different types of areas: areas of definitive migration, areas associated with the construction of second homes, and areas unattractive to live in. They will also outline the effects visible in the social and economic sphere in the different types of areas, caused by the analysed phenomenon.

HISTORICAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN OF ANJUNAD: AN EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS USING GIS

Vickneshwaran H — Wed, 19 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In ancient and medieval Tamil Nadu, the territorial unit nadu played an important role in the administration of the state. In brief, it was the supra-village-unit, primarily consisting of ur villages or agrarian settlements, where Vellala landholders functioned their assembly. However, the historical role of nadu has ended by the end of the fifteenth century C.E. Interestingly, the settlement of Vellalar in the five ur villages, collectively known as Anju (Five in Tamil) nadu (Anjunad) found in the valley region between the Western Ghats and the Palani hills of the southern part of India. They claim their migration from Madurai in time immemorial, which needs further study to fix the migration and settlement chronologically. However, to understand the underlying influences of the environment in the choice of the areas for the settlement of the villages, settlement pattern analysis has been done by using GIS. An investigation has been done on the villages of Anjunad with relation to their geospatial information of their distribution, route, elevation, soil types, slopes and water sources for deriving the similarities among them by using QGIS Open Source Software, version 3.38.1. The results contribute to inferring the settlement history of Anjunad in relation to the environmental conditions.

LAND USE/LAND COVER DYNAMICS IN THE GAROUA-BOULAI ARTISANAL GOLD MINING DISTRICT, EAST REGION CAMEROON (2015–2024) USING SENTINEL-2 IMAGERY: A REMOTE SENSING & GIS APPROACH

Fon A. Zoum, Bechan L. Ndimungiang, Menge L. Assamba — Wed, 19 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined land use/land cover (LULC) dynamics in the Garoua-Boulai artisanal gold mining district, Cameroon, from 2015 to 2024 using Sentinel-2 imagery, GIS, and statistical analysis. Supervised classification (Maximum Likelihood, ArcGIS 10.8) and accuracy assessment (overall accuracy 87–94%; Kappa 0.80–0.87) revealed major land transformations. Dense vegetation declined by ~48% and agricultural land by ~19%, while bare land expanded by 183%, built-up areas nearly tripled, and mine sites increased by 34%.Correlation analysis showed strong negative relationships between mine sites and vegetation (r = –0.957) and agriculture (r = –0.932), and positive relationships with bare land (r = +0.928) and built-up areas (r = +0.997). Regression slopes indicated that each hectare of mine expansion corresponded to losses of ~12–17 ha of vegetation/agriculture and gains of ~24ha of bare land. Although limited to three temporal data points, the high correlations and explanatory power (R2) provide compelling evidence of mining-driven land change. These findings highlight the urgent need for stronger regulation of artisanal mining, rehabilitation of abandoned pits, and integration of remote sensing into land governance to support sustainable land management in Cameroon’s mining districts.

GIS TOOLS SUPPORTING GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT AT THE HOUSING ESTATE LEVEL – THE CASE OF OLSZTYN

Fabian Miszewski — Wed, 19 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Motives: GIS-based tools have significant potential for broader application in supporting green infrastructure (GI) management processes at the local level. However, not all of their functionalities can be directly applied to every area; therefore, it is necessary to first identify problem areas and specific needs.

Innovation: The role of GIS tools is typically considered in the context of management at the central level. This study, however, focused on exploring the possibilities of their application at the local scale.

Goal: The aim of the study was to examine the potential use of GIS tools to support green infrastructure management at the level of a residential estate.

Methods: A critical literature review on GI management was conducted to identify the potential applications of GIS tools in supporting local GI management. The testing and analyses were performed using the QGIS software.

Results: GIS tools provide excellent support for decision-making as well as for conducting research, analyses, and activities related to local GI management. Among other benefits, they enable rapid problem detection, functional mapping, and monitoring of environmental conditions within a given unit.