GIS Odyssey Journal

PPP USING GALILEO-ONLY OBSERVATION IN RECEIVER ANTENNA PCC ASPECT

Karol Dawidowicz — 2024-07-15

Besides the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS), two additional global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have reached full operational capability in recent years. The European Union, along with the European Space Agency, introduced the Galileo positioning system. China is developing the BeiDou system. To fully utilize the capabilities of the new systems, dedicated precise models and corrections are necessary. An example of such corrections can be antenna phase center corrections (PCC). In the case of Galileo, access to phase center corrections may be challenging. This is because a lot of GNSS antenna types still have no corrections directly dedicated to Galileo signals. In such a case, corrections created based on GPS signals are recommended. The study compared the positions of stations, determined based on Galileo-only observations using type-mean and individual PCC models obtained from field and anechoic chamber calibration. Additionally, calculations were performed using elevation-only PCC based on the type-mean model. It was demonstrated that position shifts resulting from the use of individual PCC derived from an out-door calibration instead of individual calibration in an anechoic chamber (dedicated PCC set for Galileo signals) can reach up to 5 mm in the vertical component, while for horizontal components, these shifts are generally less than 2 mm.

SELECTION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TOOLS TO SUPPORT GIS SYSTEMS

Piotr Górny — 2024-07-15

The aim of this paper is to characterise the selection process of artificial intelligence tools that, using artificial intelligence for different purposes and tasks, can best support the operation of GIS-class systems. The selection process proposes the use of selected formal methods of multi-criteria comparative analysis belonging to the repertoire of systems analysis methods. Artificial intelligence tools can help improve the quality and performance of GIS-class systems, for example by automating processes, facilitating visualisation, detecting anomalies, generating forecasts, optimising routes, etc. The intention is not to compare specific tools, but only to indicate the importance of the various stages of the selection process, and in particular the importance of the criteria for evaluating AI tools for GIS support.

GIS INFORMATION SYSTEM CONTINGENCY PLAN AS A KEY ARTIFACT IN THE CYBERSECURITY MANAGEMENT LIFECYCLE

Maciej Kiedrowicz — 2024-07-15

The article discusses the methodology of conducting a contingency planning process that an organization can use to develop and maintain a viable contingency planning program for IT/computer GIS systems. The process steps (seven steps) are designed to be integrated into each stage of the GIS lifecycle. This document guides building the organizational chart/structure of a contingency planning team and the persons/roles responsible for preparing and maintaining information system contingency plans (ISCPs). In addition, the article discusses the basic components and processes of a contingency plan, highlights specific considerations and issues related to contingency planning relating to different types of GIS platforms, and provides elements of good practice to help readers develop their ISCPs.

THE EU TAXONOMY AS A BUSINESS ASSESSMENT TOOL: OPPORTUNITIES AND THREATS, CHANCES TO USE NEW TECHNOLOGIES

Tomasz Bojar-Fijałkowski — 2024-07-15

The text presents EU taxonomy, part of European Green Deal, as a tool for environmental verification of businesses. It explains and describes the concept and relationship between EGD, CSRD, ESG and taxonomy. The text also attempts to identify the opportunities and risks for entrepreneurs associated with these new regulations. Understanding and exploiting them can support growth in the market. The first part of text focuses on the characterisation of the EGD policy and, within this, non-financial ESG reporting as CSRD obligation. Part two focuses on what the taxonomy is and what it serves. The third and final part deals with the new standards for categorising business activities as environmentally sustainable and the criteria for such recognition. In this part, an attempt is also made to indicate the possibilities of using new technologies like GIS and AI in taxonomy. Paper ends with conclusions and de lege ferenda recommendations. The whole is finished with list of resources valid on 15.05.2024.

HUMAN RIGHTS AS A FACTOR IN THE AI ALIGNMENT

Kamil Strzępek — 2024-07-24

One of the most important issues in the AI field is the alignment of AI goals with human goals. This paper examines the role of human rights in the AI alignment process. The subject of the analysis was acts adopted at the level of two European intergovernmental organisations, namely the European Union and the Council of Europe. The analysis aimed to describe situations in which references to human rights were made. The analysis showed that human rights may be considered a guide in European regulations related to AI. In particular, the so-called AI Act may be an example of a third-generation human rights regulation act. On the one hand, this means that the adopted human-centric approach is not just a slogan. However, some indicate that regulations may slow down the development of AI in Europe. There is also a question regarding the relationship between European regulations and regulations in other regions of the world.

THE STABILITY OF INTER-SYSTEM BIAS OVER TIME FOR POSITIONING USING GPS AND GALILEO

Dawid Kwaśniak — 2024-08-24

The introduction of new overlapping signals from GPS and Galileo, such as L1 and E1 and L5 and E5a, presents new opportunities for enhanced precision and reliability in positioning. However, it also introduces new challenges that need to be addressed. One of the primary challenges in processing GPS and Galileo observations is the requirement for Inter-System Bias (ISB) handling. An important aspect has become the examination of the stability of the ISB parameter over time. Both short-term and long-term stability must be investigated. For this purpose, experiments were conducted on 20 permanent IGS stations in 10 pairs. Using the Modified Ambiguity Function Approach (MAFA) method, the stability of the ISB parameter over time was investigated, both for short-term (daily) and long-term periods. When selecting pairs, care was taken to ensure that the distances between the receivers in the pair were shorter than 10 kilometers. This allowed us to reduce the influence of the atmosphere on the obtained results. Observation data were obtained from the permanent GNSS stations mentioned above for 2020 and 2021. Calculations were conducted for the GPS and Galileo systems corresponding observations. The obtained results showed that for both the short-term period, which is a day, and for the more extended period of time (few months), the ISB exhibits significant stability. This means that once determined, the ISB can be used for several months for a given pair of receivers.

THE ISSUE OF INVENTORYING THE ACTUAL STATE OF THE AREA STRUCTURE OF FARMS IN THE PROCESS OF LAND CONSOLIDATION

Robert Łuczyński — 2024-08-13

A field studies illustrating the current condition of the consolidation area are carried out as a part of the general land consolidation project. One of the field studies is the area structure of farms, which presents the land area in particular area ranges of farms, e.g. scope 1 (up to 1 ha), scope 2 (1 – 5 ha), scope 3 (5 – 10 ha), scope 4 (10 – 15 ha), range 5 (15 – 50 ha), range 6 (above 50 ha). In order to prepare the area structure, data from the cadastre are used. The problem is that the data shown in the cadastre do not take into account the actual state of land use, which is influenced by leases. Leases are not listed in the cadastre. Therefore, the state shown in the usage structure is not consistent with the actual state of the area, including leases. In order to demonstrate the discrepancies between the state shown in the cadastre and the actual state, data from the cadastre are compared with data from the list of beneficiaries of the Common Agricultural Policy of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, illustrating the actual state of usage (including leases). The paper presents research results for selected poviat of the Masovian Voivodeship in Poland. Complete data on the actual state of affairs would enable field studies showing the actual pattern of plots and would allow for the calculation of land layouts resulting from the actual state of usage. This would facilitate the process of designing a new state during land consolidation.